On the 7 of March 2019, the version 6.0 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was
publicly released. The release marked the end of the first year of the
Advancement Project
.
During this year we added to the catalogue a) 623 earthquakes that occurred
in 2015 with magnitude 5.5 and above plus continental earthquakes with
magnitude 5.0-5.5; b) 7012 earthquakes during the periods 1964-1979 and
2000-2014 that include both continental events with magnitude 5.0-5.5 and
events around the magnitude cut-off threshold of 5.5 that were not selected
before (i.e., earthquakes not included in the catalogue’s previous
versions).
In addition, we expanded the catalogue files to include also the nodal
planes for earthquakes with GCMT solution as well as
source mechanism from the literature for those earthquakes with direct M0
from the bibliographic search of reliable seismic moments (see
Lee and Engdahl, 2015).
In total, we added 385 source mechanisms from the literature. The list
of publications used to retrieve direct seismic moments and source
mechanisms is available at http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/mw_bibliography.php.
Additional changes to the catalogue are listed in the update log.
Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as
obtained from the procedure described in
Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM Catalogue a unique product is that the
locations are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model
(ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.
Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the Version 6.0 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue
(nearly 36,000 earthquakes, see Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew
(2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.
Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2015).
Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with
Mw ≥ 5.0 (black), Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue) and ≥ 7.5 (yellow); Bottom:
time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1 units of Mw for
each year of the ISC-GEM main catalogue. The earthquakes processed in 2015
exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent years and add
significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with
previous versions occurs during 1964-1979 and 2000-2014, where, in the past
versions, nearly no earthquake below Mw 5.5 was included. For comparison
with the original version see Fig. 20 in
Di Giacomo et al. (2015b), or Figure 25 in Di Giacomo et al. (2018) for the comparison with Version 5.0.
Catalogue Overview, Version 5.0, 27 February 2018
On the 27 of February 2018, the version 5.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue was publicly released. The
release marked the end of the fourth year of the Extension Project. During this year we added to the
catalogue a) 1110 earthquakes that occurred between 1904 and 1919 (i.e., earthquakes not included in
the catalogue’s previous versions); b) 521 earthquakes with magnitude 5.5 and above that occurred in
2014.
To process earthquakes during 1904-1919 we digitized body wave arrival times as well as amplitudes
and periods for various phases using a multitude of sources to allow relocation and magnitude
re-computation (for this time period only MS) using the same approaches described in Di Giacomo et
al. (2015a). Compared to the first catalogue’s release, for this version we were able to add
amplitudes from printed station bulletins that were not available in the original ISC collection.
The additional station bulletins were kindly provided from the personal collection of Prof. N.
Ambraseys, British Geological Survey (BGS) collection, bulletins from the Geophysical Institute of
the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Science in
Obninsk and the University of Strasbourg (France). Such an enriched bulletin collection allowed us
to add important surface wave amplitudes from different stations and to obtain for the first time MS
for many historical earthquakes and to improve the MS for large earthquakes (MS>6.0) for earthquakes
that were already listed in previous versions of the ISC-GEM catalogue.
Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the
procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM catalogue a unique
product is that the locations (after 1903) are achieved by the same location technique and velocity
model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.
Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the version 5.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue
(more than 28,000 earthquakes, see Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew
(2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.
Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2014).
Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue)
and ≥ 7.5 (yellow); Bottom: time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1
units of Mw for each year of the ISC-GEM main catalogue.
The earthquakes processed in 2014 exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent
years and add significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with
previous versions occurs during 1904-1919, where, in the past versions, nearly no
earthquake below Mw 7.5 was included. Both the time-frequency distribution and the
annual number of events per year above 5.5 show, however, that in the 1904-1919 the
ISC-GEM catalogue is not as complete as in the more recent decades. The shaded light
grey areas highlight the years extended or added. For comparison with the original
version, see Fig. 20 in Di Giacomo et al. (2015b).
Catalogue Overview, Version 4.0, 26 January 2017
On the 26 of January 2017, the version 4.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue was publicly released.
The release marked the end of the third year of the Extension Project.
During this year we added to the catalogue a) earthquakes listed in the ISS with phase data and surface wave
amplitude measurements that occurred between 1920 and 1934 (i.e., earthquakes not included in the catalogue’s
previous versions); b) earthquakes with magnitude 5.5 and above that occurred in 2013.
To process earthquakes during 1920-1934 we digitized body wave arrival times as well as amplitudes and periods for
various phases using a multitude of sources to allow relocation and magnitude re-computation (for this time period
only MS) using
the same approaches described in Di Giacomo
et al. (2015a).
Compared to the first catalogue’s release, for this version we were able to add amplitudes from printed station
bulletins that were
not available in the original ISC collection. The additional station bulletins were kindly provided from the
personal collection
of Prof. N. Ambraseys, British Geological Survey (BGS) collection, bulletins from the Geophysical Institute of the
Czech Academy of
Sciences in Prague, the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Science in Obninsk and the University of
Strasbourg (France).
Such an enriched bulletin collection allowed us to add important surface wave amplitudes from different stations and
to obtain for
the first time MS for many historical earthquakes and also to improve the MS for large earthquakes (MS>6.0) for
earthquakes that were
already listed in previous versions of the ISC-GEM catalogue.
Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from
the procedure described in Bondár et al.
(2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM catalogue a unique product is that the locations (after 1903) are
achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal
parameter.
Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the version 4.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue (more than 26,000
earthquakes, see Fig.2).
The symbols are plotted according to Agnew
(2014) and colour coded according
to the ISC-GEM depth.
Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1900-2013).
Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue) and ≥ 7.5
(yellow);
Bottom: time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1 units of Mw for each year of the ISC-GEM
main catalogue..
The earthquakes processed in 2013 exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent years and add
significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with previous versions occurs during 1920-1934,
where,
in the past versions, nearly no earthquake below Mw 6.1 was included. Both the time-frequency distribution and the
annual
number of events per year above 5.5 show, however, that in the 1920-1934 the ISC-GEM catalogue is not as complete as
in
the more recent decades. The dark shaded
grey area before 1920 is the time period that will be processed in the remaining year of the
Extension Project, the shaded light gray areas highlight the years
extended or
added. For comparison with the original version, see Fig. 20 in
Di Giacomo et al. (2015b).
Catalogue Overview, Version 3.0, 28 January 2016
On the 28 of January 2016, the version 3.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the second year of the Extension Project. During this year we added to the catalogue a) earthquakes listed in the ISS with phase data and surface wave amplitude measurements that occurred between 1935 and 1959 (i.e., earthquakes not included in the catalogue’s previous versions); b) earthquakes with magnitude 5.5 and above that occurred in 2012.
To process earthquakes during 1935-1959 we digitized body wave arrival times as well as amplitudes and periods for various phases using a multitude of sources to allow relocation and magnitude re-computation (for this time period only MS) using the same approaches described in Di Giacomo et al. (2015a). Compared to the first catalogue’s release, for this version we were able to add amplitudes from printed station bulletins that were not available in the original ISC collection. The additional station bulletins were kindly provided from the personal collection of Prof. N. Ambraseys, British Geological Survey (BGS) collection, bulletins from the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Science in Obninsk and the University of Strasbourg (France). Such an enriched bulletin collection allowed us to add important surface wave amplitudes from different stations and to obtain for the first time MS for many historical earthquakes and also to improve the MS for large earthquakes (MS>6.0) for earthquakes that were already listed in previous versions of the ISC-GEM catalogue.
Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM catalogue a unique product is that the locations (after 1903) are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.
Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the version 3.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue (more than 24,000 earthquakes, see Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.
Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1900-2012).
Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue) and ≥ 7.5 (yellow); Bottom: time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1 units of Mw for each year of the ISC-GEM main catalogue. The shaded dark grey area before 1935 is the time period that will be processed in the remaining two years of the Extension Project, the shaded light gray area highlights the years extended in Version 3.0. For comparison with the original version, see Fig. 20 in Di Giacomo et al. (2015b).
The earthquakes processed in 2012 exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent years and add significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with previous versions occurs during 1935-1949, where, in the past versions, nearly no earthquake below Mw 6.1 was included. Both the time-frequency distribution and the annual number of events per year above 5.5 show, however, that in the 1935-1959 the ISC-GEM catalogue is not as complete as in the more recent decades, especially for the 1940s due to data loss during World War II. The shaded area up to 1934 outlines the time period that will be processed in the next two years of the Extension Project.
Overview of the ISC-GEM Catalogue version 1.0, 31 Jan 2013
The following cut-off magnitudes were selected prior to the start of the project (Fig. 1) and were dictated by the time constraints and availability of funds:
1900-1917: Ms≥7.5 worldwide + smaller shallow events in stable continental areas
1918-1959: Ms≥6¼
1960-2009: Ms≥5.5
Figure 1. Global earthquake number timeline demonstrating the effect of different cut-off magnitudes over the 110 year period; M indicates a direct or a proxy value of Mw
This Catalogue is unique because it contains homogeneous locations and magnitudes with estimates of uncertainty for the entire period 1900-2009 prepared, where possible, using uniform techniques. The Catalogue features:
110 years of ~20,000 re-located earthquake hypocentres & uncertainties, using original arrival time data and the same technique and velocity model described below;
magnitudes expressed in Mw scale with uncertainties, based on seismic moment, where possible; proxy Mw were used in all other cases based on the newly developed empirical relationship with Ms and mb.
As can be seen from the Figure 2, the ISC-GEM catalogue features hypocentre solutions (after 1903) achieved by the same location technique and velocity model. It also greatly benefits from the earthquake size expressed in the same scale (Mw ) with only four approaches used to compute Mw values (Fig. 3).
Figure 2. The change in the view of global seismicity following the advent of the ISC-GEM Catalogue; comparisons are made against the best available solutions in the ISC database prior to the start of this project. Notably, all events in the ISC-GEM Catalogue after 1903 were relocated using the same technique and velocity model.
Figure 3. Improvement in homogeneity of the earthquake magnitude measurements; just four sources of MW determination in the ISC-GEM Catalogue compare favourably against a multitude of magnitude types, determination techniques and sources used in the Centennial Catalogue (Engdahl and Villaseñor, 2002).
Manual Data Entry
A massive effort was made to enter into the ISC database those parametric seismic data that were not electronically available (Table 1) prior to the beginning of this project:
Arrival times, body and surface wave amplitudes and periods from the historical paper-based bulletins of high quality stations;
M0 and Mw from selected reviewed scientific literature.
Table 1. Electronic availability of seismic parametric data prior to the start of the project.
Earthquake Relocation
We relocated every earthquake hypocentre (except a few in 1900-1903) using a two-stage process:
Stage 1: Earthquake depths are determined using the EHB technique (Engdahl, van der Hilst & Buland,1998) that features:
a comprehensive analysis of near-event surface reflections off the earth surface inland and ocean bottom or water surface in the oceans;
station patch corrections.
Stage 2: New ISC location algorithm (Bondár & Storchak, 2011) is used with earthquake depths fixed to those from EHB analysis:
independent depth confirmation using depth phase stacking;
more accurate epicentre locations due to correlated error structure taken into account (removes bias from uneven geometrical station configuration);
all phases predicted by the ak135 velocity model are used to constrain hypocentres.
Figure 4. An example of improvement of previous event locations in the Fiji-Tonga-Kermadec region (left) as a result of this project is seen in much tighter clustering of events (right) illuminating specific tectonic features.
Earthquake Magnitudes
Figure 5. An Ms/Mw regression was developed during this project based on the wealth of recent GCMT Mw and ISC-GEM Ms magnitude determinations.
Each event in the Catalogue is characterised by a magnitude expressed in Mw scale with an uncertainty.
Where possible we used Mw based on a reliable value of seismic moment:
GCMT (1976-2009);
Bibliographical search of scientific articles (1900-1979) that feature a reliable estimation of M0.
Proxy Mw were used in all other cases (the majority), based on the newly developed empirical relationships (Fig. 5) with Ms and mb. All Ms and mb were re-computed using the original amplitude and period measurements.
Notably, the main source of data for the first part of the 20th century, the ISS Bulletin, does not contain amplitude measurements or magnitude estimates. We had to source those from the original paper-based station and network bulletins stored in the ISC warehouse and other collections. We used the seismic wave amplitude and period data reported by the quality seismic stations that operated for long periods of time (Fig.6).
Figure 6. The map and the timeline of seismic stations for which additional data have been manually entered and used for computation of the Ms and mb magnitudes.
Overall global magnitude completeness
Figure 7. Magnitude frequency distribution of earthquakes in the ISC-GEM Catalogue within different periods of time.
Due to the comparatively small number of events in the Catalogue it is hard to assess magnitude completeness on a regional basis. On a global scale we observe a change of completeness Mc from 5.6 to 6.4 (Fig. 7) before and after 1964. This, of course, is a direct result of the change in the cut-off magnitude that, in turn, is related to the start of the ISC operations and the corresponding massive increase in parametric data availability.
Seismicity rates for large (M>7.5-7.6) earthquakes are best assessed considering the entire time window. For moderate earthquakes the modern period is a better basis for magnitude-frequency studies.
We suspect that a pronounced dip in the magnitude frequency curve at large magnitudes reflects the fact that the 110 year period is still not representative enough to account for statistics of very large earthquakes.
